Audience Essay

Audience essay. Every media company wants to target a particular type of audience, therefore, media companies produce texts that target a particular “type” of audience. Therefore in this essay I will be exploring these different types of audiences, these are normally analysed by different theories that theorists have created overtime to explain why the audience of horrors are the audience. The first theory that is used to explain audiences in horrors is called “The Hypodermic Model” This is the belief that the texts are injected into the audience by powerful media. The audience is powerless to resist and therefore the media works like a drug that the audience is addicted to. Another model that is explored in relation to audience is called “The Effects Model” This model is the consumption of media texts has an effect upon the audience. It is normally considered as a negative effect. Audiences are powerless to this theory and that makes them not easy to prevent the influence of the model. The power is always in the message of the text in the horror film. Due to the fact that my horror trailer had the sub-genre of slasher, may suggest that people could start to act in a violent manner in the future after watching the film. Because of all the violence in my trailer it may continue the bad effect on the audience that we have targeted at. A theorist called Stuart Hall developed an active theory titled “encoding and decoding model” that analysed the relationship between the producer and the audience of the horror. He identified three types of audience readings of the text, the one that relates to my summer trailer would be “negotiated” this is where the audience accepts, rejects or refines the elements of the text in light of previously held views. For example to further this explanation I can relate it to my horror trailer that I created over the summer. Because it was a slasher there was a defined audience that we aimed at to achieve. We chose a similar audience that other slashers would have chosen. This is how it fits into the negotiated section, due to it being a similar audience to other slashers, they are used to the elements that are highlighted in media texts like my trailer. They are then used to the elements because they have seen them before and are less likely to have a strong opinion on the elements. A psychology theorist called Mary Jones created the theory that talked about desensitisation. She believed that the more violence that the viewers of the horrors are exposed to then the less sensitive they will come to it and therefore the violence no longer seems to bother them in the sense as it did before. This was a major negative factor towards my summer trailer. Due to the situation it was in and the way we did it, it was full of desensitisation elements. For example we used conventional and stereotypical weapons with a stereotypical story line. This would have been viewed as boring to the audience because it’s what they are used to and therefore wouldn’t come out of the film happy because their needs haven’t been fulfilled. On the other hand this is a positive because in the future I know to think outside the box on how to go around the conventional elements of horrors. Another theory regarding horror audiences would be the copycat theory. This is when audiences will copy what they see in a media text. It refers to how the media can influence and affect the audience’s behaviour. I don’t believe that my horror trailer would create the copycat theory to happen. This because it wasn’t an as effective trailer for a well-known theory like that to occur. On the other hand, because of the stereotypical aspects we have in our own horror, I believe that we in a way copied other slasher films and it made our own horror less effective. In conclusion audience has been explored by many theories that created different explanations about the horror genre and its audiences. After analysing their theories against my own summer trailer I feel it has helped me improve on my previous work in time for my future work. I now won’t make these mistakes that are identified through the theories and it will therefore improve my grade for the future.

Representation Essay.

Representative Essay. Representative is a typical class, group or body of opinion, in regard to horror it is the typical groups or people that appear in conventional horror films. A lot of the time media theorists explore the subtext behind different characters in a horror that unlocks a whole new underlying truth to why the horror storyline is the way it is. I will be exploring a wide range of theorists like; Berger, Mulvey, Clover and Dobbs. A theorist called Berger believed “ men act and woman appear, men look at women and women watch themselves being looked at” to further explain this they believed that defining genders is a biological classification but if we think about it the words “masculine” and “feminine” creates the social construction we have today. Males in horrors are seen as dominant and strong however women are seen as submissive and passive. The way that gender is represented through the horror genre are shown through the subgenres of horror, however the cons of gender are represented through my summer trailer. It is clear that my horror trailer follows the theory of Berger quite vividly. The protagonist (a woman) is shown as a very passive character in my horror trailer. She is shown easily giving up in the middle of an attack between her and the antagonist. The antagonist is also shown as dominant throughout the trailer having a special control over the protagonist especially in the attack. The subtext beneath this may be the reoccurring issue with the inequality between men and women and the fact that the women in my trailer are not going against this inequality and are just admitting defeat. Another theorist that goes by the name of Mulvey focuses very strongly on “the gaze” in the horror genre. She stated that when a woman’s body is displayed on the screen, the men get exotic pleasure from seeing this and therefore controls the woman. This is done by camera angles and shots used throughout the film that shows them as decorative objects for the men to gaze at, this is called “the male gaze”. We as a audience are then forced to this objectifying of women whilst identifying with the male. Mulvey identifies that the cinema is a largely male dominant based industry so therefore men are in control of the cinematic text, especially in a horror film, particularly slashers have been criticised for being the product of “the male gaze” since most directors are men. Recently men have been portrayed as the decorative or sexual objects that the woman or homosexual men of the target audience can now look at, this is now being called “the female gaze” However on my horror trailer there is only use of “the male gaze” throughout the trailer. For example in the scene where she wakes up attacked from her dream, there is a close up shot of her chest area showing the objectification of women and allowing men to view her as a decorative object. Due to this, it is clear that Mulvey’s theory s widely active throughout my summer work creating many analyses that I can go deeper into in my conclusion. A theorist called Clover create a theory about the last girl standing in a horror film, she called them “the final girl” normally she is left to confront the killer/ antagonist. In horrors, the viewer begins by sharing the killer’s perspective but then experiences a shift of identification with the final girl towards the end of the film as she keeps getting away from being killed. She is stereotypically a virgin, with a more masculine look and sometimes a unisex name. She is normally seen as pure by the killer and therefore he doesn’t kill her because the antagonist has no reason to. She becomes masculine when in front of the killer because she takes on masculine features in order to defeat the antagonist. Audiences often identify with the male protagonist however Clover argues that the horror is popular with males as they identify as not being on top of the “macho hierarchy” for example every male has been intimidated at some point. Clover argues that for a horror to succeed, the survivor must be a female experiencing terror as viewers would reject this being a male. I would say that my horror trailer has a attempt of a final girl without the masculine features, for example she has more feminine features then a final girl should have, this may be due to the fact that I didn’t know about this key convention in a horror and therefore couldn’t incorporate it into my trailer. I know to do this next time. Finally the last theorist I will be exploring relating to the horror genre and my work is Dobbs, she explore feminism in the horror genre. She stated that horror has confused relationships with woman, you are likely to have a women victim in this genre or a romcom and they are frequently seen as decorative objective. She continued this statement by explaining that the most famous women in horrors are actors, she creates the opinion that it would be nice to have a more common interest of females included on the other side of the camera. Dobbs also said that there is no reason why horrors should have a gender preference, you don’t need to be a male to enjoy being scared, horrors allow audiences the thrill of the unknown and females are allowed to feel that. She also continues adding her part on the final girl, she believes that there is a problem with the frequent final girl, she asks if there is really a need to have a final girl in every horror. On the other hand there is something wonderful about it to, the fact that she survives. No matter what happens to her in the film, she gets her revenge in the end by killing the antagonist. After learning about Dobbs and her opinions, I found it hard to be able to link it to my summer work, this is because I never knew about her way of analysing horrors and therefore couldn’t apply it to my own work. However I think this is a good thing because its helped me be able to plan my future trailer and how to make it more effective. In conclusion, it becomes clear to me that there are many media theorists that explore the representation side of the horror genre. After analysing their theories against my own summer trailer I feel it has helped me improve on my previous work in time for my future work. I now won’t make these mistakes that are identified through the theories and it will therefore improve my grade for the future.

The collector analysis from oliviacolgate

Narrative Essay

Narrative Essay. Narrative is a written account of connected events, also known as a story. Todorov believed that Narrative is a line with a beginning, middle and end also known as equilibrium, disequilibrium and resolution. There are two types of narrative; linear narrative, this is a simple approach to understand, it is conventional so you don’t get your intellectual pleasure the audiences are after. The other type is a non-liner narrative, this is not knowing anything about a film for example the characters. Due to this it creates an intellectual pleasure for the audience to guess the unknown conventions of the film that are not revealed. In this essay I will be exploring different theorist’s ideas about the narrative of a film, in this case it will be of the horror genre. A media theorist called Domaile believed that every story told can be fitted in one out of eight narrative types. Each of these types have a source, an original story which others have been based around. Out of these eight types, it is narrowed down to three that apply to the horror genre. These are circe, faust and orpheus. Regarding my horror trailer, I concluded that circe was the type that connected the most. Circe is the battle between the good and the bad in a film, in a horror genre case it would regard to the antagonists and the protagonists in a film. In my trailer the protagonists also known as the final girl fights against the antagonist and escapes from his grip. Looking deeper into the meaning behind this type it inherits myths that we tell our generations to teach those values and lessons in life. Circe teaches people that you need to fight off the bad people in your life and show them how strong you are. This could be in any case for example bullies in your school or people who are jealous of you. On the other hand another theorist called Levi Straus belonged very strongly in binary oppositions. Binary oppositions are the are two things that are completely opposites from the other, for example; love and hate. Regarding the horror genre, he believed that conflicts are based around these binary oppositions. He states that they are always the central of a climax in a horror film. To further explain his theory on binary oppositions he continued to explain that characters in a horror are either good or bad and situations are with wrong or right. There is never any middle, it is either one or the other. Linking my summer trailer to this theorists idea, i believe i did go along with what he believed was to be included in a horror genre. My characters had either a good agenda or a bad, even if they seemed good at one point, they always in their mind knew they were bad. Also my trailer agrees with his idea that binary oppositions are always the central of the climax. This is due to the fact that the climax e.g. the jump scares always happen when there is a fight or close accountancies between the antagonist and the protagonist in a horror film. Another media theorist called Propp believed that narrative in the horror genre needed 7 types of characters to make it a successful horror film. A example of these are characters such as a Villain, hero, agent or princess. A princess in a horror would be the character threatened by the Villain in the horror. Regarding my summer trailer, it shows signs as Propps theory. A few of the characters he believed needed to be in my horror genre were, for instance; the villain in my horror was shown from time to time and the princess was the main character filmed throughout the trailer. Although I have a few of these characters in my trailer, I don't have a lot of them. This is due to me not knowing about the theory and therefore not being able to fully apply it to my trailer. I believe this does make my trailer a little less effective but on the other hand I think it is a positive thing that I didn't show all seven of these characters on my trailer because it would show too much, too fast and therefore would make the target audience less eager to want to watch the film when it comes out. The last theorist that I will be exploring in regard to narrative is Barthes. He believed in three codes that need to be included in a horror; Enigma, action and symbolic. Enigma refers to the mystery within a text, Action refers to how the writers create the suspense and symbolic is the symbols within the text of a horror film. Linking Barthes theory to my horror trailer, without knowing it I included a few of his codes that he created. For example there is a lot of symbolisms in my horror trailer and the storyline, to explain this further there was a lot of deeper subtext to the meaning of this horror, for example; my protagonist being stalked by the antagonist and sticking up to him is a subtext that every teenager should stand up to their bullies. In the future for my next group trailer I will be sure to include them in my horror genre to make it more conventional. In conclusion narrative has been explored by many theorists that created different explanations about the horror genre. After analysing their theories against my own summer trailer I feel it has helped me improve on my previous work in time for my future work. I now won’t make these mistakes that are identified through the theories and it will therefore improve my grade for the future. Looking into these theories it has also helped me realise that I may not need to do all of them to keep it at a high grade and creative horror.

My chosen script idea.

Genre Essay.

Genre Essay. 

Genre is the categorisation of different films into different groups, these are usually based on similar narrative concepts from a wide range of films. This is usually done by regarding three concepts; settings, themes and moods. This is seen as a good thing for films because it allows the production companies to create a specific target audience that they know will watch the films making their films more successful and popular. In this essay I will be analysing my summer teaser trailer against different horror theorist’s ideas surrounding genres relating to horror films.

A media theorist called Graeme Burton created an idea that we can understand horror genres by looking at key concepts of a horror, He recognises “types, recognisable and familiar characteristics” All of these elements are a part of the “genre formula”. For example one concept of this would be the icons used throughout a horror. These could be weapons used by the antagonist e.g. axe or knife, on the other hand they could be things like props used, a common one is a mask to hide the antagonists identity.  Applying Graeme Burton’s idea to my summer trailer I believe it shows reoccurring signs of it being a slasher horror. For instance the icons in our trailer were a mask to hide the antagonist’s identity creating enigma and a knife as the main weapon used against the protagonists. Using a weapon like a knife is also seen as a phallic object so instead of stabbing the dumb blonde, the antagonist is seen as penetrating the dumb blonde sexually, this gives the action more of a deeper subtext behind what you can just view on the screen. A connection between Burtons work and my summer trailer may also be background/settings of the trailer. A lot of it was situated in an isolated park late at night. This is a very secluded area and therefore sets the tone of the trailer.

A second media theorist called Steve Neal believed that pleasure has been given to the audience by constant repetition of conventions of horror. By looking at the conventions of a horror, it gives us pleasure to watch it. This is agreed by a man called Warren Buckland who stated “Genres create expectations that condition our responses. It sets up hope and promises that it will bring us pleasure if they are fulfilled.” To continue this pleasure, Neal believes that we have to change how the conventions in a horror genre happens as if they weren’t changed regularly then the target audience will come away from the film disappointed because they have become decentralized to the stereotypical times horror conventions occur, for instance there is regularly a jump scared when the music of a horror hits a climax, instead of putting in a jump scare there they do it a minute or so later when the audience becomes more relaxed and less likely to expect it. They do this so the audience are still on the edge of their seats when watching a typical horror movie in the cinema and therefore come out of the cinema satisfied. Neal also states that horror film fans are now enjoying hybrid genres of a film. A hybrid genre is a mixture of two genres to create a film, for instance in the film Warm Bodies romance and horror has started to become a mix sending horror films down a different path and making them more unique again. This has been done because people were running out of ideas on what type of storyline to do without repeating themselves because everything had already been done.  Regarding my summer work I struggle to create a connection between Neal’s work and my own. My summer trailer is full of the conventions of a horror that audiences have now become decentralized to. It is also only considered as a slasher in the horror sub-genre and therefore is not in a hybrid genre.  Due to this it continues to go down the same route other stereotypical horrors have. Due to this I believe my horror trailer could be possibly less effective than it would have been if it had a connection with Neal’s theory, on the other hand it still has many conventions of a horror film and is still effective in its genre.

Another theorist that analysed horror genres is a man name Christian Metz, he believed in the four different stages of creating a film in a genre. The first stage was the experimental stage, in this stage there are no rules and therefore the genre would have no name, this is where the production companies are testing out all sorts of ideas that may be included in the genre films. The second stage that some genre films may be in are the classical stage of films, this stage is where the films have followed the rules, in this case the horror rules and therefore has become a classic horror film that the audience know and love well. The third stage is the parody stage, this is the comical side of films. In the case of horrors it is the films that analyse and make fun of the conventions of a horror film, an example of this would be the film Scream. Finally the last stage is the deconstruction stage, this is the final stage. This stage is a different type of ways to go around making a horror film, for instance instead of going along with the stereotypical side of horrors they go against these conventions and create a completely different type of horror that hasn’t commonly been seen before. These are commonly used in this day and age because it’s something different that people aren’t used to and therefore come away from the film satisfied that they have enjoyed the film. Regarding my summer trailer, I would place my work in the classical stage of Metz theory. This is because we worked solely on the conventions of a horror so we knew that horror fans and the audience of our trailer would want to go and watch it.

The last theorist I am going to analyse against my work regarding genre is a man named Rick Altmann. He believed that there is three ways of getting out pleasure out of any type of film. Regarding horror he believed there is a pleasure side, this would be guessing who the antagonist is throughout the film. An example is Scream, every audience member would be analysing who the antagonist could have been throughout the horror because of the way the film was set up. Creating a horror like this gives the audience an intellectual puzzle that they feel they need to resolve before the end of the film happens. This is almost seen as a chase to the end. The third pleasure is the emotional side, regarding horror it should make you feel scared all throughout the film, and you should feel as an audience member on the edge of the seat throughout. This is because this is what the purpose of a horror is and therefore if it doesn’t achieve that for you then it isn’t a conventional horror, feeling these emotions will make you enjoy the film even more. If a horror makes you laugh at what they have created as the climaxing parts that are supposed to scare you then it isn’t conventional horror. You are supposed to laugh at comedies, not horrors. Lastly the third part is the visual pleasure, regarding horror this should create an animalistic desire for you. For example in an action you should feel happy and like the fact that the hero gets to kill the antagonist. Horrors are supposed to make you feel cringed out and hide from the screen, which is their function in the genre of films. Horror genre fans expect this. Regarding my own summer trailer it doesn’t show the visual pleasure that it should. I feel this is because it’s only a short clip and you don’t get to see all the climaxing parts therefore it doesn’t make you want to cringe and hide. On the other hand I believe it does give you the intellectual pleasure because it leaves you wondering who the killer is behind the mask, one mistake we done was briefly show the antagonist to the audience. I know this was a mistake because it reveals too much to the audience and they are already satisfied without actually watching the film. This wouldn’t appeal to the audience as much and therefore when I do my trailer this time I’m going to make sure I don’t reveal that.

In conclusion Genre has been explored by many theorists that created different explanations about the horror genre. After analysing their theories against my own summer trailer I feel it has helped me improve on my previous work in time for my future work. I now won’t make these mistakes that are identified through the theories and it will therefore improve my grade for the future. Looking into these theories it has also helped me realise that I may not need to do all of them to keep it at a high grade and creative horror.

Summer movie trailer